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(PDF) On consensus, collapsibility, and clade concordance | James M Carpenter - blogger.com
Cladistics () – ON CONSENSUS, COLLAPSIBILITY, AND CLADE CONCORDANCE Kevin C. Nixon1 and James M. Carpenter2 1 Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York , U.S.A. and 2 Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York , U.S.A. Received for selection will be in concordance with that of stillman, i.e., rivals are identified by antitrust enforcement agencies, where available. The supplement rivals identified by FOIA requests, industry analysts, members of academia, gove+nment agency analysts and the merging firms were contacted to target the horizontal merger rivals. For the sake of comparison, both the statistical techniques of Contest and Concordance: blogger.com and Challenges to Resistant Discourses in Performance Art Cover Page Footnote Alex Lockwood is a PhD student at Southern Illinois University. He would like to acknowledge Dr. Craig Gingrich-Philbrook for his excellent guidance in writing on performance pieces. Additionally, he would like to thank Shelley Rawlins, without whom this piece
Concordance of rivals pdf download
edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. To browse Academia. edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Log In with Facebook Log In with Google Sign Up with Apple. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Rival Conceptions of Rivalry: Why some competitions mean more than others joe cobbs.
David Tyler. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. Rival Conceptions of Rivalry: Why some competitions mean more than others. RESEARCH ARTICLE Article title: Rival conceptions of rivalry: Why some competitions mean more than others Journal Title: European Sport Management Quarterly RESM Corresponding author: B. The purpose of this paper is to explore sport rivalry and derby matches from the fan perspective and identify the most influential elements that characterize rivalry.
Research methods This work employs a sequential exploratory mixed method design, concordance of rivals pdf download. Study 1 engaged 38 fans through open-ended questions to explicate antecedents to 76 rivalries. Study 1 identified 11 recurring elements of rivalry: frequency of competition, defining moment, recent parity, historical parity, star factors, geography, relative dominance, competition for personnel, cultural similarity, cultural difference, and unfairness.
Study 2 confirmed these elements within three primary dimensions: Conflict, Peer, and Bias. There are numerous popular press books dedicated to long-standing rivalries e. In academic work, rivalry frequently appears in demand estimation and promotions research e. However, despite the pervasive attention given to rivalry, a uniform definition or consistent operationalization remains elusive. Others have composed more concordance of rivals pdf download definitions that recognize the rival designation as a subjective, socially constructed idea prone to interpretation and more complex than dispute-density Thompson, While focusing on the competing athletes, Kilduff et al.
Included within this characterization are several key elements that Havard and colleagues have suggested as potential basis for the conception of rivalry. Though some theoretical concordance of rivals pdf download exists for such elements, concordance of rivals pdf download, empirical work to justify and explicate these and other potential contributors to rivalry is lacking.
Without a clearer understanding of the formation and conception of rivalry, further research and practical exploitation or moderation of the influence of rivalry is limited.
Classifying the self and others in these ways is the basis of social categorization theory SCTan extension of SIT Hogg, In other words, theoretical group distinctions do not necessarily manifest in practical distinctions until such distinction becomes self-evident Bourdieu, ; concordance of rivals pdf download Conversely, outgroups too equal or similar to the ingroup can also concordance of rivals pdf download a threat to group distinctiveness and force concordance of rivals pdf download reexamination of perception Bourdieu, ; Jetten et al.
Defining a rival concordance of rivals pdf download on social identity theory The theoretical framework of social identification and related concepts offers the basis for a definition of a rival group, concordance of rivals pdf download.
From this theoretical understanding, we explore the specific underpinnings of perceived rivalries among fans of sport teams. We first conduct a qualitative study Study 1 to inductively generate an initial list of elements that may contribute to the formation of a rivalry.
We then work dialectically between this list and our theoretical expectations of rivalry antecedents to discern three overarching dimensions of rivalry. This data forms the basis of the quantitative analysis in Study 2. The questionnaire was created in Qualtrics and distributed to a purposeful convenience sample of 47 individuals Coyne, An initial email was sent to the selected individuals with one follow-up email sent to those who did not complete the questionnaire within the first week.
As each respondent analyzed two rivalries, our final sample comprised 76 rivalries, thus achieving our goal of rivalry diversification across sports see Error! Reference source not found. The average response length of each rivalry description was Table 1. After successfully resolving any differences via discussion, we classified 25 perceived antecedents. We then determined frequency counts of each antecedent, again conducting our efforts independently and resolving differences via discussion.
Finally, by working dialectically between the data and existing literature and considering the frequency of mention by respondents i.
Based on the theoretical underpinnings described in our review, we viewed sets of these antecedents as sharing similar foundations and grouped them into dimensions labeled Conflict, Peer, and Bias see Error!
Table 2. Therefore, concordance of rivals pdf download, in agreement with Kilduff and colleagueswe anticipate that not only the frequency of competition between two teams, but also the historical and recent parity of those competitions, concordance of rivals pdf download, may be recognized antecedents to rivalry.
Frequency of competition Consistent with the theoretical expectations, respondents pointed to the frequency of contests between teams as a factor influencing conceptions of rivalry. both teams have players that have played professional basketball. Likewise, results over an extended time period were clearly relevant to perceiving a competitor as a rival, which we refer to as historical parity. Yet, an advantage of inductive research is uncovering unexpected data, and the qualitative data yielded two prominent additional conflict-related rivalry traits: defining moments and star factors.
These moments might be symbolic of the distinctions between two groups and serve to raise the salience of these distinctions Bourdieu, While understanding the significance or predicting the impact of any individual moment in real-time is difficult, concordance of rivals pdf download, certain events become folklore within a dyad and contribute to a specific competition being interpreted as rivalry. Additionally, those defining moments may involve certain individuals whose presence outshines a single moment.
Star factors In describing factors that precipitate particular rivalries, several respondents pointed to specific individuals involved with one or both teams. In a difficult situation, the Raptors traded Vince to the New Jersey Nets, where he promptly regained his old form i, concordance of rivals pdf download. e - he started trying again. Respondent In relation to competitive conflict, similarity in ability manifests in the importance of parity to a perceived rivalry.
Spatially, this theme plays out in geographic proximity, and in terms of resources, like-minded organizations battle off the field to acquire commonly desired personnel. Cultural similarity The issue of similarity between the cultures of two teams appeared in the data as relating to the teams themselves or relating to associated stakeholders. However, concordance of rivals pdf download, this mental task becomes more challenging, and threatening to group distinctiveness, when group cultures are similar.
Geography The Peer dimension of rivalries maintains a highly relevant spatial element. Likewise, our respondents often pointed to the concordance of rivals pdf download of teams as a contributing element to the rivalry. From this perspective, organizations that seek to acquire and defend resources against one another are rivals.
In our work, this intense competition for personnel was particularly apparent in rivalries between teams at American universities. Bias The third dimension to rivalry emphasized by respondents was a form of intergroup bias. Furthermore, intergroup bias is magnified by unequal power or status Concordance of rivals pdf download et al.
Cultural difference Scholars have pointed to differences in national identity as a source for animosity between fan bases e. This phenomenon was reflected in our data when respondents cited the cultural differences between nations as driving the rivalry, concordance of rivals pdf download. Both programs have storied coaches and both are very good academic schools.
One is private and one is public. Duke is smaller and are nerds while carolina is older and less nerds. They are in the same division, concordance of rivals pdf download, but until this year, we could not beat them. They are only 4 hours away and Michael Vick has kicked our butt for every year he has been in the league.
This element raises the possibility that rivalry may be unidirectional. Study 2: Quantitative analysis of antecedents To broaden our exploration of rivalry, we composed an online questionnaire to measure the importance of our identified antecedents see Table 2 across a larger sample of rivalries and respondents.
Respondents were also given space for added qualitative comments, such as for other contributions to rivalry not included in our list. The survey respondents were predominantly students at two large universities in the USA - one in the Northeast region and another in the Midwest - though the students were also encouraged to solicit participation from others e. The resulting dataset included individuals who were primarily male We then executed a series of t-tests to empirically determine statistical differences in importance between antecedents.
To statistically gauge our characterization of these underlying dimensions, we employed an exploratory factor analysis EFA; Gorsuch, First, we assessed our contention of three factors using a principal component analysis PCAwhich yielded two components with eigenvalues greater than one and a third component just shy 0.
As Jackson points out, there are benefits and drawbacks to various stopping rules for component analysis and a single approach is not necessarily best in all situations. Therefore, we retained three components for exploratory factor analysis. The resulting factor loadings see Error! generated several clear patterns and one questionable loading. Conversely, the third factor reflected a difference or perceived bias regarding a rival.
We labeled this third factor as Bias because of the implied bias in fairness, dominance, and culture within the associated elements. In summary, the EFA supports the delineation of three dimensions within the contributions to rivalry identified in Study 1. The most dominant of these factors, with five elements strongly associated, is the dimension of conflict. However, distinct factors beyond mere conflict appear relevant to the conception of rivalry.
As hinted in the literature, competition can be heighted to the degree of rivalry when stark similarities or differences in the competing organizations are salient. Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis pattern matrix Rivalry elements Conflict Peer Bias Recent parity 0. To explore the potential for varying importance between the elements and compare their influence across rivalries, we computed the mean importance of each element as rated by survey respondents on a 6-point scale.
We then executed a series of t-tests to statistically compare the importance of each element to the other ten elements concordance of rivals pdf download Error!
Throw Away Your Strong's Concordance
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Your father and I have been friendly rivals in business for some time now – though crofts limited are both older and bigger than Birling and company – and now you've brought us together, and perhaps we may look forward to the time when Crofts and Birlings are no longer competing but are working together – for lower costs and higher prices. Gerald: Hear, hear! And I think my father would 10/9/ · Pathfinder Campaign Setting: Concordance of Rivals By Paizo Staff English | | ISBN | 64 pages | PDF | MB 15/6/ · Synopsis: Rivals Across the River written by David Bond, published by Anonim which was released on 15 June Download Rivals Across the River Books now!Available in PDF
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